Philosophy
Philosophy as a Way of Life: Pierre Hadot's Insight
We often treat philosophy as a set of abstract theories to be studied. But the ancient Greeks and Romans saw it differently. For them, philosophy was a way…
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Philosophy of Mind: The Hard Problem of Consciousness
One of the most perplexing questions in philosophy today is the problem of consciousness. Philosopher David Chalmers famously distinguished between the "ea…
Philosophy
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Noble Savage and the Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s philosophy begins with the claim that “man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” He argued that civilization, with i…
Philosophy
John Stuart Mill: Liberty and the Harm Principle
How much freedom should an individual have? John Stuart Mill, in his classic *On Liberty*, gave a powerful answer: the only purpose for which power can be…
Philosophy
Mary Wollstonecraft: The Vindication of Reason
Mary Wollstonecraft is often called the first feminist philosopher. In her groundbreaking work, *A Vindication of the Rights of Woman*, she argued against…
Philosophy
Epicurus: The Art of Simple Pleasure
Epicurus is often misunderstood as a hedonist who advocated for wild parties. In reality, his philosophy was about achieving *ataraxia*—a state of serene…
Philosophy
The Pre-Socratics: The Original Questioners
Before Socrates, there was a group of thinkers who dared to explain the world without recourse to myths. They are the Pre-Socratics, and they asked the fir…
Philosophy
David Hume: The Skeptic Who Woke Us From Dogmatism
David Hume was the philosopher who famously woke Immanuel Kant from his "dogmatic slumbers." A Scottish empiricist, Hume argued that our most cherished bel…
Philosophy
Rawls' Veil of Ignorance: Designing a Just Society
How do we build a fair society? John Rawls, the most important political philosopher of the 20th century, proposed a thought experiment: imagine you are de…